Neural inference at the frontier of energy, space, and time.

Computing, since its inception, has been processor-centric, with memory separated from compute. Inspired by the organic brain and optimized for inorganic silicon, NorthPole is a neural inference architecture that blurs this boundary by eliminating off-chip memory, intertwining compute with memory on-chip, and appearing externally as an active memory chip. NorthPole is a low-precision, massively parallel, densely interconnected, energy-efficient, and spatial computing architecture with a co-optimized, high-utilization programming model. On the ResNet50 benchmark image classification network, relative to a graphics processing unit (GPU) that uses a comparable 12-nanometer technology process, NorthPole achieves a 25 times higher energy metric of frames per second (FPS) per watt, a 5 times higher space metric of FPS per transistor, and a 22 times lower time metric of latency. Similar results are reported for the Yolo-v4 detection network. NorthPole outperforms all prevalent architectures, even those that use more-advanced technology processes.

Salivary duct cyst on lower lip: A rare entity and literature review.

Mucocele forms because of salivary gland mucous extravasation or retention and is usually related to trauma in the area of the lower lips. Salivary duct cyst, however, is a type of mucous retention cyst which is almost never located on the lower lip. The aim of this paper is to report this extremely rare salivary duct cyst present on the lower lip and to critically review the literature to build important concepts that would help clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology.

Dentofacial and cranial changes in down syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of certain oral characteristics usually associated with Down syndrome and to determine the oral health status of these patients. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending a special education program at Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India. The study design consisted of closed-ended questions on demographic characteristics (age, sex, and education and income of parents), dietary habits, and oral hygiene habits. Clinical examination included assessment of oral hygiene according to Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), dental caries according to decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, periodontal status according to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), and malocclusion according to Angles classification of malocclusion. Examinations were carried out using a using a CPI probe and a mouth mirror in accordance with World Health Organization criteria and methods. Craniometric measurements, including maximum head length and head breadth were measured for each participant using Martin spreading calipers centered on standard anthropological methods. RESULTS: The majority of the patients were males (n = 63; 82%) with age ranging from 6-40 years. The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score of the patients indicated that 31% had moderate mental disability and 52% had mild mental disability. 22% exhibited hearing and speech problems.12% had missing teeth and 15% had retained deciduous teeth in adult population. The overall prevalence of dental caries in the study population was 78%. DMFT, CPITN and OHI scores of the study group were 3.8 ± 2.52, 2.10 ± 1.14 and 1.92 ± 0.63 respectively. The vast majority of patients required treatment (90%), primarily of scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene education. 16% of patients reported CPITN scores of 4 (deep pockets) requiring complex periodontal care. The prevalence of malocclusion was 97% predominantly of Class III malocclusions. Further 14% presented with fractured anterior teeth primarily central incisor. The percentage means of cephalic index was 84.6% in the study population. The brachycephalic and hyperbrachycephalic type of head shape was dominant in the Down syndrome individuals (90%). CONCLUSION: The most common dentofacial anomaly seen in these individuals was fissured tongue followed by macroglossia.

Quantitative estimation of AgNORs in normal, dysplastic and malignant oral mucosa.

AIMS: Silver stainable nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) have received a great deal of attention recently as their frequency within the nuclei is significantly higher in malignant cells than in normal, reactive or benign neoplastic cells. The objective of this study was to carry out a quantitative assessment of large and small AgNORs in oral normal mucosa, precancerous lesions and infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas. METHODS: The study comprised 110 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded oral mucosal biopsies consisting of 30 oral dysplasia, 60 oral squamous cell carcinomas and 20 normal oral mucosa. AgNORs were counted in each nucleus, categorized as small, large and total number of AgNORs in each cell and their means were calculated. RESULTS: The mean value of small AgNORs, large AgNORs and total AgNORs increased gradually from normal mucosa to dysplastic lesions to squamous cell carcinomas. The study clearly indicates that in oral squamous cell carcinomas, AgNORs diminish in size as they increase in number. Further, AgNOR counts increase as the degree of malignant potential of the cell increases. CONCLUSIONS: By combining both the enumeration of AgNORs and their size, good distinction can be made between normal, dysplastic and infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas. This could help in the early diagnosis and prognosis of dysplastic mucosal lesions and their malignant transformation.

A two-piece sectional interim obturator. A clinical report.

Prosthetic rehabilitation of acquired maxillary defects can be achieved satisfactorily if all facets of treatment planning and design considerations are taken into account before the rehabilitation process. Complications associated with maxillary defects limit treatment protocols to a great extent. The prosthodontist has to identify these problem areas and suitably devise feasible options and incorporate them in the design. In this report, an acquired maxillary defect with unfavorable undercuts in the defect was successfully treated by making a two-piece sectional obturator. The two pieces were connected by the use of double-die pin system. The methodology greatly reduced chairside time and number of visits, and effective obturation was satisfactorily achieved.

Florid osseous dysplasia.

The concept of 'fibro-osseous lesions' of bone has evolved over the last several decades and now includes two major entities, viz., fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma, as well as other less common entities such as periapical dysplasia, focal osseous dysplasia, florid osseous dysplasia and familial gigantiform cementoma. Florid osseous dysplasia is a central lesion of the bone and periodontium, which has caused considerable controversy because of confusion regarding terminology and criteria for diagnosis. This paper reports a rare case of florid osseous dysplasia affecting maxilla and mandible bilaterally in a 14-year-old Indian male patient.

Benign teratoma of the tongue in a neonate: a case report and review of the literature.

Teratomas are true neoplasms of unknown origin that arise from pluripotential cells and have an eccentric microscopic appearance. They are composed of diverse tissues from all 3 germ layers with variable levels of maturity. The purpose of this report was to describe the case of a benign teratoma originating from the tongue in a male neonate.